Replacing the battery pacemaker usually goes through the old scar on the chest from the implementation of a pacemaker.
The pacemakers reduce the symptoms of bradycardia by stimulating the heart with electrical signals. The pacemaker implantation is simple surgical procedure.
A coronary artery bypass is a surgery on the heart used for bridging the narrowing of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply the heart.
A coronary stent is a small metal prosthesis like a spring from a ballpoint pen. During the coronary stent implantation a variety of complications are possible.
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a type of exercise testing which can more precisely detect some of the diseases of the heart and lungs.